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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Экологическая безопасность прибрежной и шельфовой зон моря</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">2413-5577</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20250404</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">DTROBO</article-id>

      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Научная статья</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Theoretical Calculations of Sea Surface Elevation Excess Kurtosis</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Теоретические расчеты эксцесса возвышений морской поверхности</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1299-0983</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">P4155-2017</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8941-9305</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Garmashov</surname>
              <given-names>A. V.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Гармашов</surname>
              <given-names>А. В.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник, Морской гидрофизический институт РАН (Россия, 299011, г. Севастополь, ул. Капитанская, д. 2), кандидат географических наук</p></bio>
          <email>ant.gar@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9942-2796</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">V-7880-2017</contrib-id>
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6784-7782</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Zapevalov</surname>
              <given-names>A. S.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Запевалов</surname>
              <given-names>А. С.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="ru"><p>главный научный сотрудник, Морской гидрофизический институт РАН (Россия, 299011, г. Севастополь, ул. Капитанская, д. 2), доктор физико-математических наук</p></bio>
          <email>sevzepter@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS</institution>
          <addr-line>Sevastopol</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Морской гидрофизический институт РАН</institution>
          <addr-line>Севастополь</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>64</fpage>
      <lpage>75</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-15">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2025-06-23">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-17">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Garmashov A.V., Zapevalov A.S.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Гармашов А.В., Запевалов А.С.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Garmashov A.V., Zapevalov A.S.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гармашов А.В., Запевалов А.С.</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://ecological-safety.ru/repository/issues/2025/04/04/" xlink:title="Страница статьи">https://ecological-safety.ru/repository/issues/2025/04/04/</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The excess kurtosis of sea surface elevation is a predictor of rogue waves. This paper verifies the dependencies of excess kurtosis on wave steepness ε and inverse wave age ζ, obtained for the JONSWAP wave spectrum. For verification, the paper uses data from in situ wave measurements conducted from a stationary oceanographic platform located in the coastal zone of the Black Sea. It is shown that in a real sea wave field, the excess kurtosis changes within significantly wider limits than those described by both model dependencies. The correlation coefficient between λ4E and ε is 0.06, and between λ4E and ζ is 0.05. The model dependence of λ4E on steepness ε is close to the linear regression constructed for wind waves, i. e., it allows describing only its average changes. The model dependence of excess kurtosis on inverse wave age overestimates its average values; the overestimation is approximately 0.1 and depends on ζ. Thus, the dependencies of the excess kurtosis of sea surface elevation on wave steepness and inverse wave age, constructed on the basis of the JONSWAP spectrum, do not allow describing the entire range of excess kurtosis changes in a real wave field. Rogue waves are observed in the sea when λ4E exceeds the threshold level of 0.6–0.7, while the maximum model values of excess kurtosis at the limiting Stokes wave steepness do not exceed the level of 0.3.</p>
      </abstract>

      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Эксцесс возвышений морской поверхности является предиктором возникновения аномально высоких волн. В работе верифицируются полученные для волнового спектра JONSWAP зависимости эксцесса от крутизны ε и от обратного возраста волн ζ. Для верификации используются данные прямых волновых измерений, проведенных со стационарной океанографической платформы, установленной в прибрежной зоне Черного моря. Показано, что в реальном поле морских волн эксцесс λ4E изменяется в значительно более широких пределах, чем предсказывается обеими модельными зависимостями. Коэффициент корреляции между λ4E и ε равен 0.06, между λ4E и ζ – 0.05. Модельная зависимость обратного возраста волн λ4E от крутизны ε близка к линейной регрессии, построенной для ветровых волн, то есть позволяет описать только его средние изменения. Модельная зависимость эксцесса от обратного возраста волн завышает его средние значения приблизительно на 0.1, причем завышение зависит от ζ. Таким образом, построенные на основе спектра JONSWAP зависимости эксцесса возвышений морской поверхности от крутизны волн и обратного возраста волн не позволяют описать весь диапазон изменчивости эксцесса в реальном волновом поле. Аномальные волны наблюдаются в море при превышении λ4E порогового уровня 0.6–0.7, тогда как максимальные модельные значения эксцесса при предельной крутизне волны Стокса не превышают уровень 0.3.</p>
      </trans-abstract>

      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>wind wave modelling</kwd>
        <kwd>excess kurtosis</kwd>
        <kwd>surface wave spectrum</kwd>
        <kwd>wave steepness</kwd>
        <kwd>inverse wave age</kwd>
        <kwd>Black Sea</kwd>
        <kwd>JONSWAP spectrum</kwd>
        <kwd>rogue waves</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>моделирование ветровых волн</kwd>
        <kwd>эксцесс</kwd>
        <kwd>спектр поверхностных волн</kwd>
        <kwd>крутизна волн</kwd>
        <kwd>обратный возраст волн</kwd>
        <kwd>Черное море</kwd>
        <kwd>спектр JONSWAP</kwd>
        <kwd>аномальные волны</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out under state assignment FNNN-2024-0001 “Fundamental research of the processes determining the flows of matter and energy in the marine environment and at its borders, the state and evolution of the physical and biogeochemical structure of marine systems in modern conditions” and FNNN-2024-0014 “Fundamental studies of interaction processes in the sea–air system that form the physical state variability of the marine environment at various spatial and temporal scales”.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ФГБУН ФИЦ МГИ по теме FNNN-2024-0001 «Фундаментальные исследования процессов, определяющих потоки вещества и энергии в морской среде и на ее границах, состояние и эволюцию физической и биогеохимической структуры морских систем в современных условиях» и FNNN-2024-0014 «Фундаментальные исследования процессов взаимодействия в системе океан-атмосфера, формирующих изменчивость физического состояния морской среды на различных пространственно-временных масштабах».</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <body>
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  </body>

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