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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Экологическая безопасность прибрежной и шельфовой зон моря</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">2413-5577</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20250102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">JRCXNU</article-id>
      
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Научная статья</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Wind Field Retrieval in the Coastal Zone Using X-Band Radar Data at Large Incidence Angles</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Восстановление полей ветра в прибрежной зоне по радиолокационным данным X-диапазона при больших углах наблюдения морской поверхности</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Korinenko</surname>
              <given-names>A. E.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Кориненко</surname>
              <given-names>А. Е.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>korinenko.alex@mhi-ras.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Malinovsky</surname>
              <given-names>V. V.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Малиновский</surname>
              <given-names>В. В.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>vladimir.malinovsky@mhi-ras.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>Marine Hydrophysical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
          <addr-line>Sevastopol</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Морской гидрофизический институт РАН</institution>
          <addr-line>Севастополь</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-02-28" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>26</fpage>
      <lpage>41</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-11">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2024-10-22">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-17">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Korinenko A.E., Malinovsky V.V.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Кориненко А.Е., Малиновский В.В.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Korinenko A.E., Malinovsky V.V.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кориненко А.Е., Малиновский В.В.</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://ecological-safety.ru/repository/issues/2025/01/02/" xlink:title="Страница статьи">https://ecological-safety.ru/repository/issues/2025/01/02/</self-uri>
      
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The paper aims to develop a geophysical model function that allows retrieval of the wind speed vector from a radar signal reflected from the sea surface. During in situ experiments on the stationary oceanographic platform in 2022–2024, a database was created which contained radar information, frequency spectra of sea surface elevations, wind speed and direction, and geometric properties of breaking wave crests in the active phase. An MRS-1011 marine radar (X-band, 3 cm wavelength) transmitting and receiving horizontally polarized signal in a 360-degree view at large incidence angles was used in the experiments. For these observation conditions, the main informative parameter that governs the radar cross section is the fraction of the sea surface covered by breaking crests (whitecap coverage). The role of this parameter is qualitatively confirmed by the fact that the radar power and whitecap coverage have similar wind speed dependencies. It was shown that the radar cross section was proportional to the whitecap coverage with 1.47 as the proportionality coefficient. The intensity of wave breaking also depends on the wave age, which leads to the dependency of the radar cross section on the wave development stage. The influence of the wave age on the radar signal level was confirmed experimentally. It was shown that the level of the wind dependency of the radar signal in the "up-wind" direction increased by a factor of 5 when the wave age increased from 0.1 to 1.2. Based on the in situ data and physical grounds of the sea surface radar backscatter formation, we suggest a geophysical model function allowing retrieval of wind speed fields in areas within a radius of about a kilometer. The error in wind speed vector magnitude and direction retrieved from radar data was 1.2 m/s and 30°, respectively, compared to the data obtained by the anemometer.</p>
      </abstract>
      
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Цель статьи – разработать геофизическую модельную функцию, позволяющую по радиолокационному сигналу, отраженному от морской поверхности, восстанавливать модуль и направление скорости ветра. В ходе натурных экспериментов на стационарной океанографической платформе в 2022–2024 гг. была сформирована база данных, содержащая радиолокационную информацию, частотные спектры возвышений морской поверхности, скорость и направление ветра, геометрические размеры обрушений в активной фазе. В эксперименте использовалась радиолокационная станция MRS-1011 (X-диапазон, длина электромагнитной волны 3 см), работающая в круговом обзоре на горизонтальной поляризации передачи/приема сигнала при больших углах наблюдения. Для данных условий наблюдений основным информативным параметром, определяющим эффективную площадь рассеяния, является доля морской поверхности, покрытая обрушениями. Качественным подтверждением этого является совпадение ветровой зависимости радиолокационного сигнала с зависимостью доли моря, занятой обрушениями, от скорости ветра. Показано, что зависимость эффективной площади рассеяния от суммарной площади обрушений на единице поверхности является линейной с коэффициентом 1.47. Интенсивность обрушений зависит также от возраста волн, что приводит к изменению эффективной площади рассеяния в зависимости от степени развития волнения. Экспериментально установлено влияние возраста волн на уровень сигнала радиолокатора. Показано, что уровень радиолокационного сигнала в направлении «на ветер» увеличивается в пять раз при изменении возраста волн от 0.1 до 1.2. На основании натурных данных и физических представлений о формировании отраженного от морской поверхности радиолокационного сигнала предложена геофизическая модельная функция, которая позволяет определять поля скорости ветра в акваториях радиусом около километра. Ошибка восстановленных по радиолокационным данным модуля и направления скорости ветра составила соответственно 1.2 м/с и 30° по сравнению с информацией, полученной анемометром.</p>
      </trans-abstract>

      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>navigation radar stations</kwd>
        <kwd>radar images</kwd>
        <kwd>normalized radar cross-section</kwd>
        <kwd>sea surface</kwd>
        <kwd>wind speed</kwd>
        <kwd>in situ measurements</kwd>
        <kwd>wave age</kwd>
        <kwd>wave breaking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>радиолокационные станции</kwd>
        <kwd>радиолокационные изображения</kwd>
        <kwd>удельная эффективная площадь рассеяния</kwd>
        <kwd>морская поверхность</kwd>
        <kwd>скорость ветра</kwd>
        <kwd>натурные измерения</kwd>
        <kwd>возраст волн</kwd>
        <kwd>обрушения ветровых волн</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out with financial support of the Russian Science Foundation grant no. 24-27-20105, https://rscf.ru/project/24-27-20105, and under the Agreement with the Department of Education and Science of Sevastopol no. 85 dated June 19, 2024.</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-27-20105, https://rscf.ru/project/24-27-20105, и соглашения с Департаментом образования и науки г. Севастополя № 85 от 19.06.2024 г.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

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