<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Экологическая безопасность прибрежной и шельфовой зон моря</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">2413-5577</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20250101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">TPMTAZ</article-id>
      
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Научная статья</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of SKIRON and ERA5 Atmospheric Forcing for the Reconstruction of the Black Sea Circulation Based on Hydrophysical Modeling Results</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Оценка применимости атмосферных форсингов SKIRON и ERA5 для реконструкции циркуляции Черного моря на основе результатов моделирования гидрофизических полей</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Dymova</surname>
              <given-names>O. A.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Дымова</surname>
              <given-names>О. А.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>olgdymova@rambler.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Miklashevskaya</surname>
              <given-names>N. A.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Миклашевская</surname>
              <given-names>Н. А.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>nmikl@rambler.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
        <aff xml:lang="en">
          <institution>Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS</institution>
          <addr-line>Sevastopol</addr-line>
          <country>Russia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff xml:lang="ru">
          <institution>Морской гидрофизический институт РАН</institution>
          <addr-line>Севастополь</addr-line>
          <country>Россия</country>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-02-28" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>6</fpage>
      <lpage>25</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-06-15">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2024-09-20">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-17">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Dymova O.A., Miklashevskaya N.A.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Дымова О.А., Миклашевская Н.А.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dymova O.A., Miklashevskaya N.A.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дымова О.А., Миклашевская Н.А.</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://ecological-safety.ru/repository/issues/2025/01/01/" xlink:title="Страница статьи">https://ecological-safety.ru/repository/issues/2025/01/01/</self-uri>
      
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>A modeling of the Black Sea circulation for 2016 was carried out with different sets of atmospheric forcing data to determine the optimal atmospheric forcing for retrospective analysis of hydrophysical fields. An eddy-resolving z-model of Marine Hydrophysical Institute with a resolution of 1.6 km was used for the calculations. Differences in the circulation structure for the two experiments were revealed. It was shown that in the SKIRON experiment compared to ERA5, the cyclonic circulation of the Black Sea was weakened, the isopycnic surfaces were aligned, and the cold intermediate layer was not determined by the 8°C isotherm due to the underestimation of the solar radiation flux and weakening of the wind influence. A comparison of the model thermohaline characteristics calculated using ERA5 and SKIRON atmospheric forcings and measurement data of temperature and salinity obtained by ARGO profiling floats and onboard equipment in 87, 89, 91 cruises of R/V Professor Vodyanitsky was carried out. According to the validation results, it was obtained that in the upper 300-meter layer, for all measurement stations the mean RMSE of temperature and salinity in the ERA5 experiment were 28 and 17% lower, respectively, than the RMSE calculated from the SKIRON data.</p>
      </abstract>
      
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>Проведено моделирование циркуляции Черного моря в 2016 г. с разными наборами данных об атмосферном воздействии с целью определения оптимального атмосферного форсинга для проведения ретроспективного анализа гидрофизических полей. Для расчетов использована вихреразрешающая z-модель Морского гидрофизического института c разрешением 1.6 км. По результатам двух экспериментов выявлены различия в структуре циркуляции. Показано, что вследствие заниженного потока коротковолновой радиации и слабого ветрового воздействия по данным SKIRON, по сравнению с ERA5, циклоническая циркуляция Черного моря ослабевает, изопикнические поверхности выравниваются, а холодный промежуточный слой не определяется по изотерме 8 °C. Выполнено сопоставление модельных термохалинных характеристик, рассчитанных при использовании атмосферных форсингов ERA5 и SKIRON, с данными натурных наблюдений за температурой и соленостью, полученными буями-профилометрами ARGO и судовым оборудованием в 87, 89, 91-м рейсах НИС «Профессор Водяницкий». По результатам валидации получено, что в верхнем 300-метровом слое средние по всем станциям измерений среднеквадратические отклонения температуры и солености в эксперименте ERA5 меньше на 28 и 17 % соответственно, чем среднеквадратические отклонения, рассчитанные по данным эксперимента SKIRON.</p>
      </trans-abstract>

      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Black Sea</kwd>
        <kwd>modeling</kwd>
        <kwd>temperature</kwd>
        <kwd>salinity</kwd>
        <kwd>current velocity</kwd>
        <kwd>in situ data</kwd>
        <kwd>forcing</kwd>
        <kwd>ERA5</kwd>
        <kwd>SKIRON</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>Черное море</kwd>
        <kwd>моделирование</kwd>
        <kwd>температура</kwd>
        <kwd>соленость</kwd>
        <kwd>скорость течений</kwd>
        <kwd>натурные наблюдения</kwd>
        <kwd>форсинг</kwd>
        <kwd>ERA5</kwd>
        <kwd>SKIRON</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the state assignment of MHI RAS on topic no. FNNN-2024-0001 ("Oceanological processes" code).</funding-statement>
        <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках госзадания ФГБУН ФИЦ МГИ по теме № FNNN-2024-0001.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <body>
    <p>Текст статьи не включен.</p>
  </body>

  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Список литературы</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Cessi</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Pinardi</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Lyubartsev</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Energetics of semienclosed basins with two-layer flows at the strait</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Physical Oceanography</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>967</fpage>
          <lpage>979</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/JPO-D-13-0129.1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Dyakonov</surname><given-names>G.S.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Ibrayev</surname><given-names>R.A.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-term evolution of Caspian Sea thermohaline properties reconstructed in an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model</article-title>
          <source>Ocean Science</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>527</fpage>
          <lpage>541</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/os-15-527-2019</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="conf-proc">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Fomin</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Ivancha</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Lemeshko</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Lazorenko</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of Extreme Surge Simulation Accuracy in the Sea of Azov for Various Types of Atmospheric Forcing and Ocean Model Parameters</article-title>
          <source>Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Geographical Information Systems Theory, Applications and Management. May 3–5, 2019. Heraklion, Crete, Greece</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <fpage>340</fpage>
          <lpage>344</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5220/0007836603400344</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Oguz</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Malanotte-Rizzoli</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Aubrey</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Wind and thermohaline circulation of the Black Sea driven by yearly mean climatological forcing</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>C4</issue>
          <fpage>6845</fpage>
          <lpage>6863</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1029/95JC00022</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Демышев</surname><given-names>С.Г.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Дымова</surname><given-names>О.А.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Миклашевская</surname><given-names>Н.А.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Пространственно-временная изменчивость гидрофизических и энергетических характеристик циркуляции Черного моря при доминировании движений разных масштабов</article-title>
          <source>Океанологические исследования</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>27</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="other">VIUSLY</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29006/1564-2291.JOR-2022.50(3).2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Korotaev</surname><given-names>G.K.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Oguz</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Nikiforov</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Koblinsky</surname><given-names>C.J.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reanalysis of seasonal and interannual variability of Black Sea fields for 1993–2012</article-title>
          <source>Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>418</fpage>
          <lpage>430</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1134/S0001433816040071</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Korotaev</surname><given-names>G.K.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Dymova</surname><given-names>O.A.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Miklashevskaya</surname><given-names>N.A.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Kublanov</surname><given-names>D.A.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acceleration of climate change in the upper layer of the Black Sea</article-title>
          <source>Doklady Earth Sciences</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>518</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1550</fpage>
          <lpage>1555</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="other">ICHYUN</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1134/S1028334X24602797</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Демышев</surname><given-names>С.Г.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Численная модель оперативного прогноза течений в Черном море</article-title>
          <source>Известия Российской академии наук. Физика атмосферы и океана</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>137</fpage>
          <lpage>149</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="other">OOWHLL</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Mellor</surname><given-names>G.L.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Yamada</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems</article-title>
          <source>Reviews of Geophysics</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>851</fpage>
          <lpage>875</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1029/RG020i004p00851</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Arakawa</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Lamb</surname><given-names>V.R.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A potential enstrophy and energy conserving scheme for the shallow water equation</article-title>
          <source>Monthly Weather Review</source>
          <year>1981</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>18</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109&lt;0018:APEAEC&gt;2.0.CO;2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Грузинов</surname><given-names>В.М.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Зима</surname><given-names>В.В.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Федин</surname><given-names>М.А.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Тихов</surname><given-names>М.С.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Оценки параметров краевых внутренних волн в Черном море</article-title>
          <source>Труды Государственного океанографического института</source>
          <publisher-loc>Москва</publisher-loc>
          <year>2018</year>
          <issue>219</issue>
          <fpage>205</fpage>
          <lpage>226</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="other">XSEMDZ</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Chelton</surname><given-names>D.B.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Schlax</surname><given-names>M.G.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Samelson</surname><given-names>R.M.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies</article-title>
          <source>Progress in Oceanography</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>216</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pocean.2011.01.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name><surname>Симонов</surname><given-names>А.И.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Альтман</surname><given-names>Э.Н.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Гидрометеорология и гидрохимия морей СССР. Т. 4. Черное море. Вып. 1. Гидрометеорологические условия</source>
          <publisher-loc>Санкт-Петербург</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Гидрометеоиздат</publisher-name>
          <year>1991</year>
          <size units="pages">429</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="conf-proc">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Kallos</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Nickovic</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Papadopoulos</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Jovic</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The regional weather forecasting system SKIRON: An overview</article-title>
          <source>Proceedings of the International Symposium on Regional Weather Prediction on Parallel Computer Environments. October 15–17, 1997. Athens, Greece</source>
          <publisher-name>University of Athens</publisher-name>
          <year>1997</year>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>122</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Шокуров</surname><given-names>М.В.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Шокурова</surname><given-names>И.Г.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Завихренность напряжения трения ветра на поверхности Черного моря при различных ветровых режимах</article-title>
          <source>Морской гидрофизический журнал</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>13</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="other">YLLPWM</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22449/0233-7584-2017-6-13-26</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Korotaev</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Oguz</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Nikiforov</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Koblinsky</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Seasonal, interannual, and mesoscale variability of the Black Sea upper layer circulation derived from altimeter data</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>C4</issue>
          <fpage>3122</fpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1029/2002JC001508</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Артамонов</surname><given-names>Ю.В.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Скрипалева</surname><given-names>Е.А.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Латушкин</surname><given-names>А.А.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Федирко</surname><given-names>А.В.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Гидрологические исследования в северной части Черного моря в 2016 г. (87, 89 и 91-й рейсы НИС «Профессор Водяницкий»)</article-title>
          <source>Морской гидрофизический журнал</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>247</fpage>
          <lpage>253</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="other">YNHCUP</pub-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22449/0233-7584-2018-3-247-253</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Bayankina</surname><given-names>T.M.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Belokopytov</surname><given-names>V.N.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Grigoriev</surname><given-names>A.V.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Zhuk</surname><given-names>E.V.</given-names></name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Information resources of Marine Hydrophysical Institute, RAS: current state and development prospects</article-title>
          <source>Processes in GeoMedia – Volume II. Springer Geology</source>
          <publisher-loc>Cham</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
          <fpage>187</fpage>
          <lpage>197</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/978-3-030-53521-6_22</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>В.А.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Белокопытов</surname><given-names>В.Н.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Океанография Черного моря</source>
          <publisher-loc>Севастополь</publisher-loc>
          <year>2011</year>
          <size units="pages">212</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
