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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">2413-5577</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20240207</article-id>
      
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title>Environmental Hazard Assessment of Storage Conditions of Wastes from Mining and Processing of Arsenopyrite Minerals</article-title>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le Thu Thuy</surname>
          </name>
          <address>
            <country country="VN">Vietnam</country>
          </address>
          <email>lthuy.mt@hunre.edu.vn</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tran Hong Con</surname>
          </name>
          <address>
            <country country="VN">Vietnam</country>
          </address>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nguyen Trong Hiep</surname>
          </name>
          <address>
            <country country="VN">Vietnam</country>
          </address>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vu Thi Minh Chau</surname>
          </name>
          <address>
            <country country="VN">Vietnam</country>
          </address>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le Minh Tuan</surname>
          </name>
          <address>
            <country country="VN">Vietnam</country>
          </address>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Do Hoang Linh</surname>
          </name>
          <address>
            <country country="VN">Vietnam</country>
          </address>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution>Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment</institution>
        <addr-line>Hanoi</addr-line>
        <country country="VN">Vietnam</country>
      </aff>

      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution>Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University</institution>
        <addr-line>Hanoi</addr-line>
        <country country="VN">Vietnam</country>
      </aff>

      <aff id="aff3">
        <institution>Southern Branch of Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>Ho Chi Minh</addr-line>
        <country country="VN">Vietnam</country>
      </aff>

      <aff id="aff4">
        <institution>Institute of science and technology for energy and environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology</institution>
        <addr-line>Ho Chi Minh</addr-line>
        <country country="VN">Vietnam</country>
      </aff>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-06-25" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>2024</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>107</fpage>
      <lpage>121</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-04-20">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2023-12-27">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-10-28">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2024, Le Thu Thuy, Tran Hong Con, Nguyen Trong Hiep, Vu Thi Minh Chau, Le Minh Tuan, Do Hoang Linh</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>Le Thu Thuy, Tran Hong Con, Nguyen Trong Hiep, Vu Thi Minh Chau, Le Minh Tuan, Do Hoang Linh</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
        </license>
      </permissions>

      <self-uri xlink:href="https://ecological-safety.ru/en/repository/issues/2024/02/07/" xlink:title="Page of article">https://ecological-safety.ru/en/repository/issues/2024/02/07/</self-uri>

      <abstract>
        <p>Arsenopyrite is a common mineral of the sulphide class, belonging to minerals of hydrothermal genesis. On anthropogenic clumps, arsenopyrite is exposed to weathering agents and releases arsenic into the environment. In areas, where Cu, Pb, Zn minerals are mined, arsenic contamination of the environment is a serious problem. The results of this study show that arsenopyrite ores are capable of releasing arsenic and heavy metals during weathering on clumps under seepage and flooding conditions. The paper presents the results of a laboratory experiment on a developed simulation model of substance change in ore mine clumps under two conditions: seepage (modelling open ore clumps through which rainwater seeps) and flooding (modelling ore clumps stored in flooded lowland areas). The modelling conditions were consistent with the real ones. The ratio of arsenopyrite and sand was 1:20. The duration of the experiment was 60 days, which allowed determining arsenic in different chemistries. During the experiment under water seepage conditions, pH decreased and redox potential varied from 5 to 50 mV. With decreasing pH, release of metals and arsenic into the environment increased over time. Once pH reached values characterising an acidic environment (2.0-4.5), weathering markedly accelerated. Under conditions of excess water with high dissolved oxygen content, metals released faster. When pH was between 5.5 and 6.0, the rate of metal release decreased. When the ore was oxidised, iron in the divalent form Fe(II) slowly oxidised to Fe(III) at the pH value above. Under these conditions, Fe(III) was hydrolysed in the column. Thus, the released arsenic was adsorbed on Fe(III) and the resulting iron hydroxide Fe(OH)₃ coated the ore particles. Due to the reduced contact of the waste ore with the aqueous medium, the arsenic concentration continued to decrease. Under both seepage and flooding conditions, As(III) dominated As(V) in the flow exiting the ore column. As(III) can be highly toxic to the environment, therefore care should be taken to ensure that conditions are provided for its conversion to less toxic As(V).</p>
      </abstract>

      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>arsenic pollution</kwd>
        <kwd>arsenic transformation</kwd>
        <kwd>arsenopyrite</kwd>
        <kwd>ore mining</kwd>
        <kwd>toxic waste</kwd>
        <kwd>industrial waste</kwd>
        <kwd>anthropogenic pollution</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement>We express our sincere gratitude to the Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi University of Science, the Southern Branch of the Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technology Centre and the Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, which created the conditions for the study and helped the research team in its implementation.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>

      <author-notes>
        <p><bold>About the authors:</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Le Thu Thuy</bold>, Lecturer, Department of Environment, Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment (No.41A, Phu Dien Street, Bac Tu Liem District, Hanoi city, Vietnam), <email>lthuy.mt@hunre.edu.vn</email></p>
        <p><bold>Tran Hong Con</bold>, Lecturer, Chemistry Department, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University (No.334, Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi city, Vietnam)</p>
        <p><bold>Nguyen Trong Hiep</bold>, Head of Laboratory of Environmental Analysis, Southern Branch of Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center (No.3, 3/2 Street, 10 District, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam)</p>
        <p><bold>Vu Thi Minh Chau</bold>, Research Associate, Laboratory of Environmental Analysis, Southern Branch of Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center (No.3, 3/2 Street, 10 District, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam)</p>
        <p><bold>Le Minh Tuan</bold>, Research Associate, Institute of science and technology for energy and environment, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (No.1, Mac Dinh Chi Street, 1 District, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam)</p>
        <p><bold>Do Hoang Linh</bold>, Student, Chemistry Department, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University (No.334, Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi city, Vietnam)</p>
        <p><bold>Contribution of the authors:</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Le Thu Thuy</bold> – study planning, experiment idea development, experiment design, heavy metal analysis, results processing and article writing</p>
        <p><bold>Tran Hong Con</bold> – experiment idea development, experiment design</p>
        <p><bold>Nguyen Trong Hiep</bold> – conducting experiments on arsenic analysis, reading and commenting on the article</p>
        <p><bold>Vu Thi Minh Chau</bold> – conducting experiments, reading and commenting on the article</p>
        <p><bold>Le Minh Tuan</bold> – conducting experiments, reading and commenting on the article</p>
        <p><bold>Do Hoang Linh</bold> – conducting experiments, data processing</p>
        <p><italic>All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.</italic></p>
      </author-notes>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <body>
    <p>Article text not included.</p>
  </body>

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