Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea 2413-5577 20230209 Research Article Autonomous Internal Wave Measurer based on Temperature Transmitters for Shelf Studies Serebryany A. N. serebryany53@list.ru Denisov D. M. denisov.dmitry@gmail.com Khimchenko E. E. ekhym@ocean.ru Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia Andreyev Acoustics Institute JSC Moscow Russia 26 06 2023 2023 2 134 144 23 03 2023 05 04 2023 03 05 2023 Copyright © 2023, A. N. Serebryany, D. M. Denisov, E. E. Khimchenko 2023 A. N. Serebryany, D. M. Denisov, E. E. Khimchenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

The paper describes a device for measuring internal waves, which is made on the basis of a line temperature sensor. This sensor measures the average temperature of the water layer it covers, which makes it possible to avoid registration of fine-structural distortions. The device works offline with the possibility of long-term accumulation of a large amount of information (with an interval of 1 minute - within 1 year). The measurement resolution is set from 1 to 1200 s. The average temperature measurement error is 0.1°C, temperature resolution is not worse than 0.03°C. The working depth is up to 200 m. The autonomous measurer is compact and easy to use. The device connects to a computer or smartphone via Bluetooth wireless technology. The paper presents the results of comparative simultaneous measurements carried out by the device and a chain of point temperature sensors on the Black Sea shelf in summer 2018 and autumn 2019. The paper gives examples of the use of an autonomous measurer for recording short-period and inertial internal waves. The comparison of the obtained series shows their close similarity. The conducted frequency spectral analysis also demonstrates a good match and identification of the main peaks of registered phenomena. The device proved to be a reliable and promising tool for measuring internal waves on the shelf.

 internal wave measurer measuring device line temperature sensor short-period internal waves sensor chain point temperature sensor temperature sensor The work was performed under state assignment no. FMWE-2021-0010 of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation "Methods and means of oceanographic observations for the study of natural and technogenic underwater objects and ecology in the hydrosphere: development of technologies for multi-parameter scanning of underwater environment and objects by autonomous and tethered probes and profilers".

About the authors:

Andrey N. Serebryany, Chief Research Associate, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS (36 Nakhimov Av., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation), Dr.Sci. (Phys-Math.), ORCID 0000-0001-6449-8002, ResearcherID: F-9009-2014, Scopus Author ID: 6604015592, serebryany53@list.ru

Dmitriy M. Denisov, Senior Research Associate, Andreyev Acoustics Institute (4 Shvernika St., Moscow, 117036, Russian Federation), denisov.dmitry@gmail.com

Elizaveta E. Khimchenko, Research Associate, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS (36 Nakhimov Av., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation), Ph.D. (Georg.), ekhym@ocean.ru

Contribution of the authors:

Andrey N. Serebryany – problem statement, participation in the construction of the internal wave measurer, analysis and description of the study results, preparation of the graphic materials, preparation of the article text

Dmitriy M. Denisov – design and development of the autonomous internal wave measurer, software development, analysis of the measurement data, preparation of the graphic materials, revision of the article text

Elizaveta E. Khimchenko – performance of in situ measurements, data processing, discussion of the results, preparation of the graphic materials, revision of the article text

All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Article text not included.

REFERENCES LynchJ.F. RampS.R. ChiuCh.-S. TangT.Y. YangY.-J. SimmenJ.A. Research Highlights from the Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment in the South China Sea IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 2004 29 4 1067 1074 10.1109/JOE.2005.843162 TangD. MoumJ.N. LynchJ.F. AbbotP. ChapmanR. DahlP.H. DudaT.F. GawarckiewiczG. GlennG. Shallow Water '06: A Joint Acoustic Propagation/Nonlinear Internal Wave Physics Experiment Oceanography 2007 20 4 156 167 10.5670/oceanog.2007.16 YangY.J. FangY.C. TangT.Y. RampS.R. Convex and Concave Types of Second Baroclinic Mode Internal Solitary Waves Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 2010 17 6 605 614 10.5194/npg-17-605-2010 OcherednikV.V. BaranovV.I. ZatsepinA.G. KyklevS.B. Thermochains of the Southern Branch, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences: Design, Methods, and Results of Metrological Investigations of Sensors Oceanology 2018 58 5 661 671 10.1134/S0001437018050090 KoniaevK.V. SabininK.D. New Data Concerning Internal Waves in the Sea Obtained Using Distributed Temperature Sensors Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 1973 209 1 86 89 (in Russian) SerebryanyA.N. IvanovV.A. Study of Internal Waves in the Black Sea from Oceanography Platform of Marine Hydrophysical Institute Fundamentalnaya i Prikladnaya Gidrofizika 2013 6 3 34 45 (in Russian) GaiskyV.A. GaiskyP.V. Distributed Thermoprofilometers and their Possibilities in Oceanographic Investigations Morsky Gidrofizicheskiy Zhurnal 1999 6 46 76 (in Russian) SabininK.D. NazarovA.A. SerebryanyA.N. Short Period Internal Waves and Currents in the Ocean Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 1990 26 8 621 625 DenisovD.M. SerebryanyA.N. Autonomous Internal Wave Measurer Based on a Line Temperature Sensor Pribory i Tehnika Eksperimenta 2019 2 159 160 (in Russian) KuznetsovA.S. ParamonovA.N. An Autonomous System of Distributed Temperature Sensors Marine Hydrophysical Research 1980 1 147 151 (in Russian) ParamonovA.N. KuznetsovA.S. Aspects of Experimental Investigations of the Single Internal Waves Okeanologiya 1985 25 2 312 318 (in Russian) SabininK.D. Use of Line Temperature Sensors for Internal Waves Measurements Surface and Internal Waves Sevastopol MHI 1978 134 145 (in Russian) KonyaevK.V. Spectral Analysis of Physical Oceanographic Data Rotterdam A.A. Balkema 1990 200 GarrettC. MunkW. Space-Time Scales of Internal Waves: A Progress Report Journal of Geophysical Research 1975 80 3 291 297 10.1029/JC080i003p00291 IvanovV.A. SerebryanyyA.N. Frequency Spectra of Short-Period Internal Waves in a Nontidal Sea Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 1982 18 6 527 529 KhimchenkoE.E. SerebryanyyA.N. Internal Waves on the Caucasian and Crimean Shelves of the Black Sea (According to Summer-Autumn Observations 2011-2016) Journal of Oceanological Research 2018 46 2 69 87 10.29006/1564-2291JOR-2018.46(2).7 (in Russian) KuznetsovA.S. Structure of the Coastal Current Direction Bimodality at the Southern Coast of Crimea in 2002-2008 Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea 2020 4 78 88 10.22449/2413-5577-2020-4-78-88 (in Russian) KuznetsovA.S. ZimaV.V. ShcherbachenkoS.V. Variability of Characteristics of the Coastal Current at the Southern Coast of Crimea in 2017-2019 Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea 2020 3 5 16 10.22449/2413-5577-2020-3-5-16 (in Russian) SerebryanyyA. KhimchenkoE. PopovO. DenisovD. KenigsbergerG. Internal Waves Study on a Narrow Steep Shelf of the Black Sea Using the Spatial Antenna of Line Temperature Sensors Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020 8 11 833 10.3390/jmse8110833 SerebryanyyA.N. KhimchenkoE.E. Internal Waves of Mode 2 in the Black Sea Doklady Earth Sciences 2019 488 2 1227 1230 10.1134/S1028334X19100180 RaysonM.D. JonesN.L. IveyG.N. Observations of Large-Amplitude Mode-2 Nonlinear Internal Waves on the Australian North West Shelf Journal of Physical Oceanography 2019 49 1 309 328 10.1175/JPO-D-18-0097.1