<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones of Sea</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">2413-5577</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">20230101</article-id>
      
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>

      <title-group>
        <article-title>Numerical Modelling of Upwelling near the South Coast of Crimea on 24-25 September 2013</article-title>
      </title-group>

      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Efimov</surname>
            <given-names>V. V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>vefim38@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Iarovaya</surname>
            <given-names>D. A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>darik777@mhi-ras.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barabanov</surname>
            <given-names>V. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <email>wbarbss@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>

      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution>Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS</institution>
        <addr-line>Sevastopol</addr-line>
        <country country="RU">Russia</country>
      </aff>

      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-03-24" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>2023</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>6</fpage>
      <lpage>19</lpage>

      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-11-14">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd" iso-8601-date="2023-02-01">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-01-23">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>

      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2023, V. V. Efimov, D. A. Iarovaya, V. S. Barabanov</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2023</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>V. V. Efimov, D. A. Iarovaya, V. S. Barabanov</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://ecological-safety.ru/en/repository/issues/2023/01/01/" xlink:title="Page of article">https://ecological-safety.ru/en/repository/issues/2023/01/01/</self-uri>

      <abstract>
        <p>Using 2-km resolution coupled air-sea mesoscale model NOW (NEMO-OASIS-WRF), we studied a case of upwelling in the Black Sea near the South Coast of Crimea on 24-25 September 2013. The NOW model successfully reproduced a sharp decrease of sea surface temperature (SST) by 10°C within two days. The high spatial resolution in the model allowed us to describe upwelling features resulting from the orography and shape of the coastline. In particular, we found small-scale areas of low SST near the coast where surface wind is directed along the coast to the right, for example over the sea near the coastal Crimean Mountains. At the same time the upwelling does not occur in the areas where the coastal wind has another direction, for example in the north-western part of Karkinit Bay, near the coast north to Sevastopol, and near the Azov coast. It is shown that there is a vertical circulation cell in the sea caused by the upwelling: a rise of the seasonal thermocline near the shore, outflow of warm water in the upper quasihomogenous layer and descend of water at the 30-50 km distance from the shore. We found that the coastal current has diurnal variation due to breeze circulation: the velocity component perpendicular to the coast reaches its maximum during the daylight hours, whereas velocity component directed along the coast reaches its maximum with a delay of 4-6 hours.</p>
      </abstract>

      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>mesoscale coupled modelling</kwd>
        <kwd>wind upwelling</kwd>
        <kwd>vertical structure of velocity and temperature fields in sea</kwd>
        <kwd>seasonal thermocline</kwd>
        <kwd>Black Sea</kwd>
        <kwd>South Coast of Crimea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>

      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement>The work was performed under project no. 0555-2021-0002 "Fundamental studies of processes of interaction in the ocean - atmosphere system which determine the regional spatial-temporal variability of the natural environment and climate".</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>

      <author-notes>
        <p><bold>About the authors:</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Darya A. Iarovaya</bold>, Senior Research Associate, Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS (2 Kapitanskaya St., Sevastopol, 299011, Russian Federation), Ph.D. (Phys.-Math.), <bold>ResearcherID: Q-4144-2016</bold>, <bold>ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0949-2040</bold>, <bold>Scopus Author ID: 57205741734</bold>, <email>darik777@mhi-ras.ru</email></p>
        <p><bold>Vladimir V. Efimov</bold>, Head of the Atmosphere and Ocean Interaction Department, Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS (2 Kapitanskaya St., Sevastopol, 299011, Russian Federation), Dr.Sci. (Phys.-Math.), professor, <bold>ResearcherID: P-2063-2017</bold>, <bold>Scopus Author ID: 6602381894</bold>, <email>vefim38@mail.ru</email></p>
        <p><bold>Vladislav S. Barabanov</bold>, Senior Research Associate, Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS (2 Kapitanskaya St., Sevastopol, 299011, Russian Federation), Ph.D. (Phys.-Math.), <bold>ResearcherID: C-6007-2013</bold>, <bold>Scopus Author ID: 7006247713</bold>, <email>wbarbss@gmail.com</email></p>
        <p><bold>Contribution of the authors:</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Darya A. Iarovaya</bold> – numerical modelling, processing and interpretation of the modelling results, preparation of the illustrations</p>
        <p><bold>Vladimir V. Efimov</bold> – task statement, participation in the result discussion, critical analysis of the article</p>
        <p><bold>Vladislav S. Barabanov</bold> – participation in the result discussion</p>
        <p><italic>All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.</italic></p>
      </author-notes>
    </article-meta>
  </front>

  <body>
    <p>Article text not included.</p>
  </body>

  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>REFERENCES</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>V.A.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Mikhaylova</surname><given-names>E.N.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Upwelling in the Black Sea</source>
          <publisher-loc>Sevastopol</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>ECOSI-Gidrofizika</publisher-name>
          <year>2008</year>
          <size units="pages">92</size>
          <comment>(in Russian)</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Brink</surname><given-names>K.N.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Near-Surface Dynamics of Coastal Upwelling</article-title>
          <source>Progress in Oceanography</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>223</fpage>
          <lpage>257</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0079-6611(83)90009-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Allen</surname><given-names>J.S.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Upwelling and Coastal Jets in a Continuously Stratified Ocean</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Physical Oceanography</source>
          <year>1973</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>245</fpage>
          <lpage>257</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/1520-0485(1973)003&lt;0245:UACJIA&gt;2.0.CO;2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Preller</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>O'Brien</surname><given-names>J.J.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Influence of Bottom Topography on Upwelling off Peru</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Physical Oceanography</source>
          <year>1980</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1377</fpage>
          <lpage>1398</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010&lt;1377:TIOTBO&gt;2.0.CO;2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Philander</surname><given-names>S.J.H.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Yoon</surname><given-names>J.-H.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Eastern Boundary Currents and Coastal Upwelling</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Physical Oceanography</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>862</fpage>
          <lpage>879</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012&lt;0862:EBCACU&gt;2.0.CO;2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Peffley</surname><given-names>M.B.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>O'Brien</surname><given-names>J.J.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Three-Dimensional Simulation of Coastal Upwelling off Oregon</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Physical Oceanography</source>
          <year>1976</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>164</fpage>
          <lpage>180</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1175/1520-0485(1976)006&lt;0164:ATDSOC&gt;2.0.CO;2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Androsovich</surname><given-names>A.I.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>E.N.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Shapiro</surname><given-names>N.B.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Numerical Model and Calculation of the Water Circulation in the North-Western Black Sea</article-title>
          <source>Physical Oceanography</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>351</fpage>
          <lpage>364</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF02197483</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Kosnyrev</surname><given-names>V.N.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>E.N.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Stanichny</surname><given-names>S.V.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Upwelling in the Black Sea by the Results of Numerical Experiments and Satellite Data</article-title>
          <source>Physical Oceanography</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>329</fpage>
          <lpage>340</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF02523759</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Zatsepin</surname><given-names>A.G.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Silvestrova</surname><given-names>K.P.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Kuklev</surname><given-names>S.B.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Piotoukh</surname><given-names>V.B.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Podymov</surname><given-names>O.I.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Observations of a Cycle of Intense Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling at the Research Site of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology in the Black Sea</article-title>
          <source>Oceanology</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>188</fpage>
          <lpage>199</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1134/S0001437016020211</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Ginzburg</surname><given-names>A.I.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>On Variable Jet Currents in the Southwest Part of the Black Sea</article-title>
          <source>Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>10</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
          <comment>(in Russian)</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Ginzburg</surname><given-names>A.I.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Kostianoy</surname><given-names>A.G.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Soloviev</surname><given-names>D.M.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Stanichny</surname><given-names>S.V.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cyclonic Upwelling Eddies off the South-West Crimea</article-title>
          <source>Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>83</fpage>
          <lpage>88</lpage>
          <comment>(in Russian)</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Divinsky</surname><given-names>B.V.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Kuklev</surname><given-names>S.B.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Zatsepin</surname><given-names>A.G.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Numerical Simulation of an Intensive Upwelling Event in the Northeastern Part of the Black Sea at the IO RAS Hydrophysical Testing Site</article-title>
          <source>Oceanology</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>615</fpage>
          <lpage>620</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1134/S0001437017040038</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Polonskii</surname><given-names>A.B.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Muzyleva</surname><given-names>M.A.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Modern Spatial-Temporal Variability of Upwelling in the North-Western Black Sea and off the Crimea Coast</article-title>
          <source>Izvestiya RAN. Seriya Geograficheskaya</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>96</fpage>
          <lpage>108</lpage>
          <comment>(in Russian)</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Stanichnaya</surname><given-names>R.R.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Stanichny</surname><given-names>S.V.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Black Sea Upwellings</article-title>
          <source>Sovremennye Problemy Distantsionnogo Zondirovaniya Zemli iz Kosmosa</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>195</fpage>
          <lpage>207</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21046/2070-7401-2021-18-4-195-207</pub-id>
          <comment>(in Russian)</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Iarovaya</surname><given-names>D.A.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Efimov</surname><given-names>V.V.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Barabanov</surname><given-names>V.S.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Mizyuk</surname><given-names>A.A.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Response of the Black Sea Upper Layer to the Cyclone Passage on September 25-29, 2005</article-title>
          <source>Russian Meteorology and Hydrology</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>701</fpage>
          <lpage>711</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3103/S1068373920100040</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Iarovaia</surname><given-names>D.A.</given-names></name>
            <name><surname>Efimov</surname><given-names>V.V.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Development of Cold Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Black Sea</article-title>
          <source>Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>413</fpage>
          <lpage>424</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1134/S0001433821040228</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Valcke</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The OASIS3 Coupler: A European Climate Modelling Community Software</article-title>
          <source>Geoscientific Model Development</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>388</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/gmd-6-373-2013</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Rodi</surname><given-names>W.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Examples of Calculation Methods for Flow and Mixing in Stratified Fluids</article-title>
          <source>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</source>
          <year>1987</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <issue>C5</issue>
          <fpage>5305</fpage>
          <lpage>5328</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1029/JC092iC05p05305</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19.</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name><surname>Efimov</surname><given-names>V.V.</given-names></name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Numerical Simulation of Breeze Circulation over the Crimean Peninsula</article-title>
          <source>Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>84</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1134/S0001433817010042</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
